The relationship between low income and poor health is well established. It operates in several ways. People on low incomes refrain from purchasing goods and services that maintain or improve health or are forced to purchase cheaper goods and services that may increase health risks. Being on a low income also prevents people from participating in a social life and can leave them feeling they are less worthy or have a lower status in society than the better-off. The relationship can operate in both directions: low income can lead to poor health and ill health can result in a lower earning capacity.

There is substantial evidence that particular social groups are at higher risk of having a low income. Some groups have significantly reduced employment opportunities; they include disabled adults, people with mental health problems, those with caring responsibilities, lone parents and young people. Many of the social and economic problems that lone mothers are exposed to are made worse by exclusion from paid work and lack of income. An increase in income leads to an increase in psychological well-being and a decrease in anxiety and depression. The more debts people have, the more likely they will have a mental disorder.

There is evidence that the degree of inequality in society, is having a harmful effect on health, not only of the poor, but of society as a whole. Countries, and areas within countries, marked by greater inequality have not only worse health but a higher rate of crime and other adverse social outcomes. Both poverty and inequality may be important for social cohesion, life opportunities and health.

Fair Society, Healthy Lives http://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/resources-reports/fair-society-healthy-lives-the-marmot-review