It has been estimated that in Wales the burden of long-term air pollution exposure is equivalent to 1,000 to 1,400 deaths each year (Public Health Wales, 2020).  Long-term exposure (over several years) reduces life expectancy, mainly due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and from lung cancer. Research also suggests that long term exposure increases the risk of low birth weight and dementia.  Shorter-term exposure (hours or days) is associated with eye, nose and throat irritations, as well as higher risks from reduced lung function and asthma. Air pollution may also contribute to health inequalities with research carried out in Wales showing that people living in the most deprived parts of Wales may also be more susceptible to air pollution than those who live in least deprived areas.